College】 【weak radio frequency identification technology in China's development prospects】..

<br> <BR> one radio frequency identification (RFID) Technology Introduction: Radio frequency identification technology (RFID, or Radio Frequency Identificati on) are starting to mature from the eighties an automatic identification technology. .As the maturity of large scale integrated circuit technology, radio frequency identification system much smaller, so before entering the practical stage. .It uses non-contact two-way radio communication means in order to achieve identification purposes and to exchange data. .It the same period or the early identification of different contactless, RFID systems and radio frequency card reader without contact between the identification can be completed. .Therefore it can be in the wider application of occasions. .In this paper, further study based on radio frequency identification technology, it is more comprehensive introduction to security in the product documentation, automated management of security and scientific applications. .A typical RFID system consists of two parts: they are radio frequency card reader. .Radio frequency card <BR> main modules into a single device, the complete communication with the reader, a memory chip to store the identification number or some other data: memory capacity from a few bits to several kilobits. .Just connect the external antenna, the chip (and batteries), can serve as a personnel identification card or identification card the goods. .Card packaging can have different forms, such as the common credit card down the form and the form of small round and so on. .And bar code, magnetic card, IC card recognition technology over the same period or earlier, compared with non-contact IC card, long working distance, suitable for harsh environments, the advantages of moving objects can be identified in most RFID systems, the reader in - .the formation of a regional emission energy electromagnetic fields, the work area depends on the frequency and antenna size. .Radio frequency card, when this region was detected after a reader sent a signal to start storing information and data. .Reader sends a signal generally provides the necessary clock signals and RF card with sufficient energy, which makes data synchronization clock signal, which simplifies the system design. .The card reader receives the data, decoding and error checking to determine the validity of data, and then through the RS232, RS422, RS485 or wireless means to transfer data to a computer network. .RFID products is a simple non-contact IC card, and complex RFID products can interface to external sensors and measuring and recording different parameters, or even connect with the GPS system to track objects. .Barcode lowest cost, high demand for the occasion and the data do not change. .For example, very suitable for the packaging of goods, but easier to wear, and a small amount of data. .The price card is also very cheap, but very easy to wear, a small amount of data. .Slightly higher price of IC card, a large amount of data storage, data security is good, but left exposed because of its contacts, it may cause damage to the static or artificial. .RF card of the biggest advantages is that non-contact, recognition of work done without human intervention, for automation and not easily damaged, high-speed moving objects can be identified and may also recognize multiple radio cards, the operation quickly and conveniently. .RF card are not afraid of grease, dust, pollution and other harsh environment, short-range RF cards can replace bar codes in this environment, for example, used in factory assembly line to track objects. .Used for long-distance transport of products, up to tens of meters, such as automatic vehicle identification or identification fees. .Classification of RFID technology, there are four: the entire system according to the different frequency can be divided into high, medium frequency and low frequency systems. .Low-frequency systems generally work in the 100-500kHZ; IF system working in about 10 to 15MHZ; and high-frequency system is up to 850-950MHZ or even 2.4-5GHZ the microwave range. .High-frequency system applications that require a longer read range and high-speed read and write the occasion, like a train control, such as highway toll system, but higher prices narrow antenna beam; in the 13.56MHz frequency range of the system. .The frequency used for access control and application of large amounts of data to be transmitted; low-frequency systems for short range, low-cost applications, such as most of the access control, animal control, cargo tracking. .According to the different RF cards can be divided into three types: read-write card (RW), write once, read out the card (W0RM) and read-only card (R0). .RW card - like cards and RO than W0RM much more expensive cards, such as telephone cards, credit cards. .W0RM card is the card user can write-once, write, can not be changed after the data, W0RM card is cheaper than the RW card. .R0 card there is a unique number, not by change, so that the security provided, R0 card is the cheapest. .RF card can be made very thin very small, such as 1 cm in length or less. .RF card can be divided into active and passive of the two. .Active RF card using a card inside the battery energy, identify the distance is longer, up to a few meters, but its limited lifespan and higher prices; passive radio frequency card does not contain batteries, the use station reader coupled electromagnetic energy emitted .as its energy, its light weight, small size, life can be very long, very cheap, but its transmission range is restricted and is generally tens of centimeters to a meter, and the need to reader emission power. .According to the different modulation schemes can be divided into active and passive. .Radio frequency card, active radio frequency energy with their own initiative to send data to the reader. .Passive radio frequency card, transmitting data using modulated scattering methods, which the reader must be used to modulate its carrier signal, or traffic in access control applications appropriate because the reader can ensure that only activated within a certain range of the RF card .. .In the case of obstructions, using modulated scattering methods, the reader's energy must come through a barrier twice. .Radio frequency card, active mode while transmitting the signal through a barrier only once, so take the initiative to work the way the RF card is mainly for the application of obstructions, the distance is farther (up to 30 meters). .Most systems currently in use, one can only read and write a RF card, RF card, to maintain a certain distance between, to ensure that only one card in the reader zone. .Radio frequency card reader long distance is the distance between a big one. .Applications which are very convenient. .RF card now has anti-collision function, which is important for RFID, the so-called collision is the number of radio frequency identification card to enter the area when the signal interference situation. .With anti-collision performance into the recognition system can identify all the radio card from its work in parallel to provide the system efficiency greatly. .Second, the international development of radio frequency identification RFID technology in foreign countries growing fast, RFID products, many different types, such as Texas Instruments, Motoro1a, Phllips so the world's leading manufacturers are producing RFID products, and their products have their own characteristics, since as .series. .RFID technology is widely used in industrial automation, business automation, transportation control and management and many other areas: cars, trains and other traffic control; automated highway toll collection system; car park management system; goods management; assembly line automation; safe passage of the inspection; .warehouse management; animal management; vehicle anti-theft and so on. .RFID applications are still emerging. .If it's RFTD products in Australia for Australian airport baggage management and played a great role, the EC announced the 1997 production of new models must have a security system based on RFiD technology, the Swiss National Railway Bureau in Switzerland .All passenger trains to install RFID automatic identification system, dispatchers can control the train operation in real time, not only beneficial to management, but also greatly reduce the likelihood of an accident, in January 1996 in Seoul, South Korea's 600 buses to install RFID systems .electronic pass, also plans to promote the system to the railways and other cities, Lufthansa trial contactless RF card as airline tickets, ticket purchasing has changed the traditional way of simplifying the procedures for the airport were shut, the German BMW .application of radio frequency identification system will auto production line in the production process control, Motoro1a clean workshop in RFID system to control the pipeline using the part flow and so on. .According to the authoritative data, radio frequency identification products, sold worldwide in 1993 was 990 million units in 1994 soared to 20.3 million units for 1997, sales of the product will be 98.1 million units, while worldwide .RF product sales in 1989, 0.81 billion U.S. dollars, 1992 $ 141,000,000, $ 433,000,000 in 1997, 1999, compared with $ 685,000,000, of which shot in between 1992-1999 .rather identify the product sales in the world will reach an annual average growth rate of 25.3%. .Annual sales of RFID products and sales trends shown below. .Thus, radio frequency identification technology has broad market prospects. .Third, radio frequency identification technology in China's development prospects: the Government of the Gold Card in 1993 to develop national implementation plan and the financial card network 10-year plan is a designed to accelerate the process of the national economy of a major .national project. .Thus a variety of automatic identification technology development and application of very rapid. .Now, radio frequency identification technology as a new kind of automatic identification technology, has spread rapidly in China, can be said that our RFID products in the market is very huge, give an example to illustrate the use of radio frequency identification technology is not .Parking automated highway toll collection system is the future direction of development, labor costs, including IC card parking ways will eventually be eliminated. .With the economic exchange, tourism development, China's highway development momentum is very strong, automatic toll collection system on the growing demand, China's land area, roads and more vehicles and more in the next decade there will be several billion dollars .needs. .Several domestic companies have been importing advanced technology, develop their own radio frequency identification systems. .Now, a highway in Geumsan have applied the non-contact IC card automatic fare collection, Shanghai, the buses use an electronic pass, on the Airport Expressway in Beijing and Shenzhen Huanggang also use the radio frequency identification system fees, etc. .. .Application of RFID technology in the following several of the more promising. .Of course, just listed here as part of the RFID technology, but they are feasible and very significant. .It is no exaggeration to predict that any kind of application if it becomes reality, all breeds will be a huge market. .RFID will be the future of a new economic growth point. .1. .Automated highway toll collection (AVl) automated highway toll collection and traffic management system is the application of RFID technology one of the most successful. .Currently, China's highway development is very fast, a prerequisite for regional economic development is to have convenient traffic conditions, highway toll but there are some problems, namely traffic congestion, toll station, parking lot of vehicles to queue up a transportation bottleneck .; Second, a few members of illegal charges of corruption charges, the country lost a considerable revenue. .RFID technology used in automatic toll collection on highways to fully reflect its non-contact recognition advantage. .Allow vehicles to speed through the toll station at the same time automatically charge. .Members also can solve the charges of corruption and traffic congestion toll of the problem. .General highway toll system for vehicles of different size and shape, you need to read about 4 meters distance and quickly read and write speeds, it requires a system should be in the 900M Hz frequency and 2500MHz. .Radio frequency card, usually in the back of the car windshield. .Now the most realistic solution is to multi-lane toll gate in two parts: automatic toll gate, into the charge port workers. .Antenna mounted on top of the road. .From the toll gate at about 50-100 meters away, when the vehicle through the antenna, car radio antenna on the card is received by the head, determine whether the vehicle is effective with the RF card. .Reader light indicates the vehicle into different lanes, port labor costs to maintain the existing mode of operation is still to enter the automatic toll gate, vehicles, road maintenance money is automatically deducted from the user account, and told with a light and buzzer .driver fees are completed, to be passed by without stopping, block cars will be stopped and malicious intrusion of vehicles. .In 1996, the Foshan municipal government installed the RFID system for automatic road toll collection in order to improve the pass rate of vehicles to ease road bottlenecks. .Vehicles can be under 250 km per hour with less than 0.5 milliseconds to be identified, and the correct rate of 99.95%. .Shanghai has installed RFID-based automatic road toll system to gather. .The other two installed in Foshan, Guangzhou, Shanghai and works with different projects try to open in Guangzhou on the highway vehicles are high-speed automatic toll collection, access using RFID systems. .China confident to improve its road infrastructure, and now the biggest problem is used in highway maintenance fee of RFID technology does not collect system - standard. .Various manufacturers use their own proprietary standards, making the establishment of a national automated highway toll collection system, the situation has become very confusing. .In urban transport, traffic congestion growing conditions, solve the traffic problem can not just rely on roads, to enhance transport command, control, ease and improve the utilization of the road, dig the potential of existing traffic is very important. .RFID technology-based real-time traffic wardens and the best route to the electronic map will soon become a reality. .RFID technology with real-time tracking of vehicles, traffic control center through the network in various sections of report on traffic conditions to drivers, command vehicles, bypassing the blocked section and display the electronic map of traffic conditions in real time. .To make uniform traffic flow, greatly enhance road utilization. .Privileges can also be used for vehicle control, traffic light to the police, emergency vehicles, buses and other traffic privileged; automatically investigate illegal vehicles and record illegal situation. .In addition, real-time tracking indicates the bus stop the bus arrival time and automatically display passenger information, a great convenience to passengers. .RFID technology allows traffic with automated command, the legal system, help to improve the traffic situation. .2. .Access control security access control security systems can be the future application of radio frequency card, a card can be multi-purpose, such as work permits, badges, parking cards, hotel stays, travel cards and even passports, etc., are designed to identify their status, security, management, fees, etc. .. .Who is to simplify the procedures for the benefits to increase work efficiency, safety protection. .As long as the person wearing the ID card the size of the package into a radio frequency card, into the entrance there is a reader, who out automatically identify people who have illegally break alarm. .The place for high security level can also be combined with other means of identification, fingerprint, palm print or facial features into the radio card. .1996 Summer Olympics security organizations to adopt RF card technology combined with biometrics as a security system, athletes and officials with their hands to carry the RF card information, when they want to enter a security zone, must be .his right hand resting on the scanner, only the person with the information system security in accordance with their hands out of the library to retrieve the same three-dimensional images, and carried himself with the information on the same card to enter the region carrying the card and .cards are the only connected, so only the owner can use their card cards. .The card is lost, stolen cards and debit cards are not constitute a threat to security. .Companies can also use the radio card protection and tracking property. .Radio frequency card attached to the item above, such as: computers, fax machines, paper, photocopiers, or other laboratory supplies, and the radio cards that allow companies to automatically track and manage these valuable assets, to track an item from one building to leave, or .way is to use the alarm from a place restricted items. .With GPS systems use radio frequency card, it can also container trucks, cargo and other tracking. .3. RFID card charges abroad, most of all transactions done using a variety of cards, while widely used in our cash transactions, cash transactions is not convenient nor safe, but also prone to loopholes in the tax, the current multi-purpose charge card magnetic card, IC card ., and RF cards also began to seize the market, because in some harsh environments, magnetic cards, IC cards are easily damaged, while the RF card is easy to wear, not afraid of static electricity and other conditions. .At the same time easy to use radio frequency card, fast. .Even without opening the package, before the reader about shaking to complete the charge. .Can also identify a few cards. .Parallel charges. .Such as electronic monthly ticket on the bus. .Exception of the crowded buses in big cities, poor quality of personnel, poor environmental conditions, usually in foreign countries is also more effective payment system in the country can not be used. .Radio frequency card use can help improve the situation. .Another example is a membership fee card, staff dining cards, store charges, phone cards, savings cards, and so can use the radio card. .Radio frequency card, a memory partition, different regions have different security levels, can be used in a variety of applications, without disturbing each other, and the future development of the application of various cards will unify a card, a personal hand-held .card can be used everywhere. .4. .Production line automation with RFID technology in the production line automatic control, monitoring, increase productivity, improve production methods, cost savings, give two examples to illustrate the application of RFID technology in the production line situation. .For automotive assembly lines. .BMW assembly line in the application of radio frequency cards as possible to produce a large number of custom cars. .BMW's production is based on user requests and production patterns: the thousands of users from the selected internal and external options they need the car color, engine type style and other requirements there are tires, so, the car assembly .have assembled hundreds of assembly line style of the BMW, if not a highly organized, complex control system is very difficult to accomplish this complicated task. .BMW assembly lines in its equipped with RFID systems, they use reusable RF card, RF card can be the details of the car with all the requirements needed in each operating point has a reader, .This ensures that each line position the car to complete the assembly task without error. .Motorola, SGSThomson and other integrated circuit manufacturers in the highly competitive semiconductor industry in the use of radio frequency identification technology to join the automatic identification process control system. .Semiconductor production for the special needs of ultra-clean, making this ideal for RFID applications, and other automatic identification systems, such as bar code in such a harsh chemical conditions and clean the request does not apply. .Chip is the key to the production of integrated circuits. .An 8-inch wafer can produce 100-1000 chips. .If the retail price per unit is $ 100 chip, a chip that contains the chip is worth at least $ 10,000. .A container can hold 25 chip-chip, four chips can simultaneously handle the container, then the losses caused by a misuse of $ 1,000,000. .Obviously. .Container tracking and to eliminate misuse of each chip is necessary. .In a clean workshop, usually have 800 points. .Chip container from a site move to the next - a point. .Sometimes, the chip will result in the wrong pile and losses. .Radio frequency identification system will check the chip stack, equipment, processes and operations staff. .If the identity of any of them does not, the device can not start work, while instructions to the operator display. .5. .RFID warehouse management system for the intelligent management of storage of goods, RFID completely effective solution to the warehouse where the goods flow of information relating to the management of the day it not only increases the number of cargo handling supervisors also looked at all the information of these goods, RF .card is attached to the goods through the warehouse door to the side, readers and antennas are placed in trucks, each of goods are labeled with bar codes, all bar code information is stored in the warehouse of the central computer, the information about the goods .can be found in the computer. .When the goods are shipped to other places to go when loaded by another reader to identify and inform the Computing Centre which it is placed on a trailer. .Management center so everyone can see how many products have been produced and sent a number of products, and automatic identification of goods, to determine the location of the goods. .6. .Auto theft is a relatively new application of RFID. .As has been the development of the RF card is small enough that could be packed into the car keys with a particular code word which the RF card reader installed in the car. .When the key when inserted into the ignition, the reader can identify the identity of the key. .If the reader does not receive RF card is sent, a specific signal, the car engine will not start. .Use this electronic method of verification, the car's central computer also be able to easily prevent a short circuit ignition. .Toyota in Europe, Ford Motor and Mitsubishi Motors, Hyundai and other South Korean car manufacturer's European models in its application of the RF card is also in Europe and the United States for the sale of the vehicle theft. .Currently around the world have millions of cars equipped with the anti-theft system. .Another car alarm system. .Radio frequency card with a driver himself, the launch range is 45-55 centimeters in the driver seat. .Reader installed in the back seat. .When the reader reads a valid ID number, the system sends three crying, and then car engine to start. .The anti-theft system, so there is a powerful feature. .If the driver left the car and the engine did not shut the door to open it, then the reader needs to read another valid ID, if the driver of the car away from the RF card, so the reader can not read a valid ID number, the engine .will automatically turn off at the same time will trigger the alarm device. .The same can also be used for the RF card home and office security. .RF card can be used to search for the missing car. .The main street in the city line at the RFID antenna system laid, as long as the vehicle is equipped with radio cards, the reader in passing any antenna, the vehicle ID number, and then time will be automatically recorded, and was returned to the .urban traffic management center computer, in addition to laying the antenna outside the city streets, police also start a number of vehicles with mobile patrol the reader to more easily monitor the whereabouts of the vehicle. .If the vehicle is stolen, it will be very easily and quickly recovered, Sao Paulo in Brazil has been using such a system. .7. Security issues around the world are counterfeit headaches in China, a large number of counterfeit products flooding the market will be a heavy blow to national industry. .Now the application of security technologies such as holographic anti-counterfeiting techniques are also forged by criminals. .Radio frequency identification technology used in the security field has its own technical advantages. .Requirements of low cost anti-counterfeiting technology itself, but it is difficult to forge. .Radio frequency card, the cost is relatively cheap, and requires expensive chip chip manufacturing plant, to discourage counterfeiters. .Radio frequency card, itself has memory, can store, modify and product-related data, which will help vendors to use; size is very small, easy product package. .Such as computers, laser printers, TV, and so the product can be used. .Establish a strict sales channel is the key to security issues. .Using radio frequency identification technology, manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers can use the unique product number to identify the product's identity. .The production process in every product on the package into the radio card, the card number recorded only product. .Wholesalers, retailers, manufacturers to provide the reader with a can strictly examine the legitimacy of. .Using this technology can not change the existing data management system. .Unique product identification number can be compatible with the database system has been used. .For security applications, please refer to "counterfeiting" June 2000 No. 46 <Canadian radio frequency identification security and application>. .8. Electronic article surveillance systems (Electronic Article Surveillance, EAS) This system is designed to prevent the theft of goods. .System is the basic configuration of the RFID, the memory capacity of only 1 bit, that is on or off. .It is already known from 1930 based on the magnetic properties of the substance, there are four major technologies: microwave, magnetic field, sound, and magnetic, radio frequency. .Attached to the object system, including RF cards, and exit the store scanners, radio frequency card is activated during installation, it is active, close to the scanner will be detected, which would alarm. .After the purchase of goods, radio frequency card sales with a special tool by the removal (typically in the clothing store), or RF cards can be used to invalidate or destroy the magnetic field to the RF electrical characteristics of the card itself. .EAS systems have been widely used. .It is estimated that consumption of six billion units per year. .9. Livestock management development in this field started in the race identification, is packaged with a small glass of RF cards implanted in animal skin, to provide identification of horse racing. .Radio frequency card about 10MM long, there is a coil of about 1000 thin circle around the ferrite, the reading distance is more than a dozen centimeters. .From developed to identify the animal race. .Identification of livestock grazing modern management methods. .10. .Train and freight train operations in the container identification system using RFID has a great advantage is that the train is running according to the established route. .I am sure I set the reader through the place. .By reading the data, the identity can be a train, monitor the integrity of the train in order to prevent the cars left the tracks on the crash occurred, while inside the station can re-grouping. .At first, efforts are ultrasonic and radar ranging system with the car side of the bar code reading, RFID systems are now being replaced by radio frequency card top edge of the general security in the compartment, reader safety along the railway, you can get real-time information and train .contents of the items inside information. .11. .Movement time in the marathon, marathon staff as much, and sometimes with the first departure of the last person to leave the starting line to start 40 minutes apart, if not an accurate timing device would be unfair competition. .Radio frequency card used in the precise timing marathon. .Athletes in their own shoelaces tied on the radio is very easy card, the starting line and finish line in the game by placing small pads with a miniature antenna, when the athlete crossed the gaskets, the timing system receives the RF card issue brought athletes .The ID number, and recorded at the time time. .So that each player has its own start and end time, not with the possibility of unfair competition. .Line in the game, if every 5 km to set such a gasket, can also be easily recorded stage of the athletes used to run time. .The device used since 1995 in all major marathon, with the Berlin marathon in 1995, 1996, Luo Shan Kei Marathon, 1996 London Marathon, Berlin Marathon 1996, 1996 Atlanta Summer Olympic Games marathon competitions. .RFID can also be used in Grand Prix on the exact timing. .Reader connected to the runway following a series of antennas, RF card to the front of the car to the top of the antenna. .When the car crossed the starting line, the car's ID number and time is time recorded and stored in the center of the computer, so that end of the game, each contestant will have a satisfactory result. .IV, Conclusion radio frequency identification technology in China is in a fledgling stage, but its potential is enormous, and it's prospects are very attractive. .In the information society for all kinds of information acquisition and processing require fast, accurate, and RFID technology in the near future will be the same with other identification technology embedded in our lives, to improve our lives. .For such a new technology, we should step up publicity efforts, hoping to spread it as soon as possible, use it to improve our efficiency and economic benefits. .Comparison. .I still think RFID applications for the management and standardization of work needs to catch up, otherwise many manufacturers their own ways, creating a fait accompli, then the unified management will be very difficult. .International standards for RFID are not yet completed, only a few industry standards, which bring some standardization to the degree of difficulty. .However, from the strategic point of view. .This problem is becoming increasingly urgent. .It should be noted that, with our current technical conditions, in particular the integrated circuit industry, behind, in this market is difficult and the competition of foreign products. .China is the introduction of more foreign products, how to change this situation, so that our products in such a huge market place, is a serious issue. .<BR>.